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Carbon 

Rodney S. RUOFF 

Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, Republic of Korea

Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea

ABSTRACT

As humankind ‘looks around’ the universe with telescopes we now have reports of delightful ‘carbon surprises’: Giant planets composed of diamond; ‘Buckyball’ (C60 and other fullerenes) molecules in enormous quantities in certain interstellar gas clouds; Evidence for graphite and perhaps graphene “way out there”, and a hunt can now be considered also for diamondoid molecules d on their calculated ‘spectroscopic signatures’.  

What about our “little blue dot”, the Earth? Natural diamonds on rings and in necklaces are billions of years old and formed in the pressure cooker “bowels” of our Earth; a fraction (it is speculated the fraction is small) make their way to near or at the surface where some are mined or found. Natural graphite is mined in large quantities for many applications and is formed by “cooking and pressure” sub-surface. And fullerenes have been identified in the “soot layer” in the “KT extinction boundary” and these buckyballs formed during the world-wide fire storm that ensued after (considered more likely than due to volcanism, now) a 6-9 km diameter meteorite impact that extinguished almost all life about 66 million years ago. Fullerenes are unstable to oxidants and UV light—those found in the KT boundary layer survived 66 million years packed into their anaerobic surroundings—until curious scientists dug them out.  

What can humble (well, some) scientists in laboratories around our planet discover and learn about carbon materials “with our own hands and tools”? Here, our focus narrows considerably as I will turn to (primarily) discussing some of the research underway in our Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, an Institute for Basic Science Center (IBS-CMCM) at the Ulsan National Institute for Science and Technology (UNIST). The 4 research groups in the CMCM (including sometimes in collaboration with UNIST colleagues and others around the world), synthesize and study a variety of carbon and carbon-d materials: we make, characterize, model, and generally try to understand both new carbons and also existing carbons such as graphite and diamond (but for known forms: making or trying to make them in new ways). I briefly introduce the four groups in CMCM, and then segue (primarily) to what I know best—research  ‘the Ruoff Group’. As CMCM started in 2014, our scientific studies are about 7 years old or less. Allow me, please, to tell a few stories about studies of carbon we have ‘completed’ and some that are underway. Support  the Institute for Basic Science (IBS-R019-D1) is appreciated.

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